BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MCQS| 100 QUESTION
BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MCQS| 100 QUESTION
PRACTICE THE NEET TOPIC EXCHANGE AND BREATHING OF GASES
1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
a) Gas exchange
b) Regulation of blood pH
c) Digestion
d) Vocalization
2. Which structure is responsible for the exchange of gases in the lungs?
a) Bronchioles
b) Alveoli
c) Trachea
d) Bronchi
3. During inspiration, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?
a) Diaphragm
b) External intercostal muscles
c) Internal intercostal muscles
d) Sternocleidomastoid
4. What is the primary gas exchanged in the alveoli?
a) Oxygen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Nitrogen
d) Hydrogen
5. Which gas is transported by hemoglobin in red blood cells?
a) Oxygen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Nitrogen
d) Hydrogen
6. Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the rate of gas exchange in the lungs?
a) Surface area of the alveoli
b) Thickness of the respiratory membrane
c) Partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
d) Temperature of the surrounding environment
7. What is the main component of inspired air?
a) Nitrogen
b) Oxygen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Water vapor
8. Which of the following conditions would decrease the rate of gas exchange in the lungs?
a) Emphysema
b) Pneumonia
c) Asthma
d) Pulmonary fibrosis
9. What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
a) Increases surface tension
b) Decreases surface tension
c) Prevents gas exchange
d) Promotes inflammation
10. Which of the following is true regarding expiration?
a) It is an active process.
b) It primarily involves the relaxation of the diaphragm.
c) It increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
d) It involves the contraction of the internal intercostal muscles.
11. Which of the following is NOT a respiratory disorder?
a) Tuberculosis
b) Hypertension
c) Chronic bronchitis
d) Cystic fibrosis
12. Which part of the brain controls basic respiratory rhythm?
a) Medulla oblongata
b) Hypothalamus
c) Cerebellum
d) Pons
13. Which of the following statements about the respiratory system is correct?
a) The trachea is lined with cartilage to prevent it from collapsing.
b) The left lung has three lobes, while the right lung has two lobes.
c) The diaphragm relaxes during inspiration.
d) Oxygen diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli.
14. Which of the following is a function of the nasal cavity?
a) Gas exchange
b) Filtration of air
c) Production of mucus
d) All of the above
15. Which of the following gases is a waste product of cellular respiration?
a) Oxygen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Nitrogen
d) Hydrogen
16. Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
a) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
b) Emphysema
c) Pulmonary edema
d) Pleurisy
17. What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?
a) It closes off the trachea to prevent food from entering.
b) It helps to push food down the esophagus.
c) It increases the surface area for gas exchange.
d) It produces mucus to lubricate the throat.
18. Which of the following is NOT a component of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
a) Alveoli
b) Trachea
c) Bronchioles
d) Bronchi
19. What is the term for the volume of air inspired or expired with each breath under resting conditions?
a) Vital capacity
b) Total lung capacity
c) Tidal volume
d) Residual volume
20. Which of the following respiratory volumes cannot be measured with a spirometer?
a) Tidal volume
b) Inspiratory reserve volume
c) Expiratory reserve volume
d) Residual volume
21. What is the primary muscle of respiration?
a) Diaphragm
b) Rectus abdominis
c) Pectoralis major
d) Quadratus lumborum
22. Which of the following is a characteristic of asthma?
a) Airway inflammation
b) Decreased mucus production
c) Increased lung compliance
d) Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
23. What is the term for the process by which oxygen is transported from the lungs to the body tissues?
a) External respiration
b) Internal respiration
c) Ventilation
d) Perfusion
24. Which of the following respiratory disorders is caused by exposure to tobacco smoke?
a) Chronic bronchitis
b) Pneumonia
c) Tuberculosis
d) Pulmonary embolism
25. What is the term for the exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells?
a) External respiration
b) Internal respiration
c) Cellular respiration
d) Pulmonary respiration
26. Which of the following is NOT a component of the respiratory membrane?
a) Alveolar epithelium
b) Capillary endothelium
c) Pleura
d) Basement membrane
27. Which of the following factors increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
a) Decreased pH
b) Increased temperature
c) Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
d) Decreased carbon monoxide levels
28. Which of the following conditions is characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls?
a) Emphysema
b) Asthma
c) Pneumonia
d) Pulmonary fibrosis
29. Which of the following statements about ventilation-perfusion matching is true?
a) It refers to the distribution of air within the lungs.
b) It refers to the distribution of blood flow within the lungs.
c) It occurs only during inspiration.
d) It is not important for gas exchange.
30. Which of the following is NOT a component of the upper respiratory tract?
a) Larynx
b) Trachea
c) Pharynx
d) Nasal cavity
31. What is the term for the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation?
a) Vital capacity
b) Total lung capacity
c) Inspiratory reserve volume
d) Expiratory reserve volume
32. Which of the following respiratory
disorders is characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the lungs?
a) Emphysema
b) Asthma
c) Tuberculosis
d) Pulmonary fibrosis
33. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane?
a) Thickness of the membrane
b) Surface area of the membrane
c) Partial pressure gradient of the gases
d) Heart rate
34. Which of the following is a symptom of chronic bronchitis?
a) Coughing up blood
b) Wheezing
c) Shortness of breath
d) All of the above
35. Which of the following factors decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
a) Decreased pH
b) Increased temperature
c) Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
d) Increased carbon monoxide levels
36. Which of the following statements about the respiratory system is true?
a) The right lung is divided into two lobes, while the left lung is divided into three lobes.
b) The trachea is reinforced with cartilage rings to prevent it from collapsing.
c) The diaphragm contracts during expiration.
d) Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries.
37. Which of the following conditions is characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the alveoli?
a) Pulmonary edema
b) Emphysema
c) Chronic bronchitis
d) Pulmonary fibrosis
38. Which of the following statements about gas exchange in the lungs is true?
a) Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
b) Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.
c) Gas exchange occurs in the bronchioles.
d) Gas exchange is not affected by the partial pressure of gases.
39. What is the term for the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration?
a) Tidal volume
b) Inspiratory reserve volume
c) Expiratory reserve volume
d) Residual volume
40. Which of the following respiratory volumes is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume?
a) Vital capacity
b) Total lung capacity
c) Inspiratory capacity
d) Functional residual capacity
41. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a collapse of the lung?
a) Atelectasis
b) Bronchitis
c) Pleurisy
d) Pneumothorax
42. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory epithelium?
a) Gas exchange
b) Production of mucus
c) Protection against pathogens
d) Regulation of blood pressure
43. Which of the following factors increases airway resistance?
a) Constriction of bronchioles
b) Dilation of bronchioles
c) Decreased mucus production
d) Increased surfactant production
44. What is the term for the process of bringing air into the lungs?
a) Expiration
b) Ventilation
c) Perfusion
d) Diffusion
45. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the formation of blood clots in the pulmonary arteries?
a) Pulmonary embolism
b) Pulmonary edema
c) Chronic bronchitis
d) Emphysema
46. Which of the following statements about the pleura is true?
a) The visceral pleura lines the outside of the lungs.
b) The parietal pleura covers the surface of the lungs.
c) Pleural fluid decreases surface tension.
d) The pleura is composed of dense connective tissue.
47. Which of the following statements about the Bohr effect is true?
a) It describes the effect of temperature on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity.
b) It describes the effect of pH on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity.
c) It describes the effect of carbon dioxide on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity.
d) It describes the effect of carbon monoxide on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity.
48. Which of the following is NOT a component of the lower respiratory tract?
a) Larynx
b) Trachea
c) Bronchi
d) Alveoli
49. What is the term for the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
a) Respiration
b) Inspiration
c) Exhalation
d) Ventilation
50. Which of the following factors increases the rate of diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane?
a) Increased thickness of the membrane
b) Decreased surface area of the membrane
c) Decreased partial pressure gradient of the gases
d) Increased solubility of the gases
51. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Airway inflammation
b) Reduced airflow
c) Destruction of alveoli
d) Elevated oxygen levels in the blood
52. Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli?
a) Pneumonia
b) Tuberculosis
c) Emphysema
d) Pulmonary fibrosis
53. Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the partial pressure of a gas?
a) Temperature
b) Concentration of the gas
c) Volume of the container
d) Solubility of the gas
54. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of emphysema?
a) Chronic cough
b) Shortness of breath
c) Barrel chest
d) Blood in sputum
55. What is the term for the process by which carbon dioxide is transported from the tissues to the lungs?
a) External respiration
b) Internal respiration
c) Ventilation
d) Perfusion
56. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a buildup of pus in the pleural cavity?
a) Pleurisy
b) Pneumothorax
c) Empyema
d) Atelectasis
57. Which of the following factors decreases airway resistance?
a) Constriction of bronchioles
b) Dilation of bronchioles
c) Increased mucus production
d) Decreased surfactant production
58. Which of the following statements about gas transport in the blood is true?
a) Oxygen is transported primarily in the form of dissolved gas.
b) Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the form of bicarbonate ions.
c) Hemoglobin can transport only oxygen.
d) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in equal amounts.
59. Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes?
a) Asthma
b) Emphysema
c) Tuberculosis
d) Pneumonia
60. What is the term for the volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal tidal expiration?
a
) Vital capacity
b) Total lung capacity
c) Expiratory reserve volume
d) Residual volume
61. Which of the following statements about the respiratory system is true?
a) The respiratory membrane is composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium.
b) The left lung is divided into two lobes, while the right lung is divided into three lobes.
c) The trachea is lined with smooth muscle to allow for expansion during breathing.
d) Gas exchange occurs primarily in the bronchioles.
62. What is the term for the movement of air into and out of the alveoli?
a) Ventilation
b) Perfusion
c) Respiration
d) Diffusion
63. Which of the following factors does NOT affect hemoglobin-oxygen affinity?
a) pH
b) Temperature
c) Carbon dioxide levels
d) Blood pressure
64. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
a) Regulation of blood pressure
b) Protection against pathogens
c) Production of sound
d) Regulation of blood pH
65. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the enlargement of air spaces and destruction of alveolar walls?
a) Chronic bronchitis
b) Asthma
c) Pulmonary fibrosis
d) Emphysema
66. What is the term for the process by which oxygen is transported from the atmosphere into the lungs?
a) External respiration
b) Internal respiration
c) Ventilation
d) Perfusion
67. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs?
a) Thickness of the respiratory membrane
b) Surface area of the alveoli
c) Partial pressure gradient of the gases
d) Blood pressure
68. Which of the following statements about the bronchi is true?
a) The bronchi are lined with ciliated epithelium and mucus-secreting cells.
b) The bronchi are composed of smooth muscle only.
c) The bronchi are responsible for gas exchange.
d) The bronchi are surrounded by cartilage rings.
69. Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes and excessive mucus production?
a) Chronic bronchitis
b) Emphysema
c) Asthma
d) Tuberculosis
70. What is the term for the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases?
a) Diffusion pressure
b) Partial pressure
c) Atmospheric pressure
d) Hydrostatic pressure
71. Which of the following factors decreases the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs?
a) Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
b) Increased surface area of the alveoli
c) Increased partial pressure gradient of the gases
d) Decreased solubility of the gases
72. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory epithelium?
a) Gas exchange
b) Production of mucus
c) Protection against pathogens
d) Regulation of blood pressure
73. Which of the following conditions is characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity?
a) Pleurisy
b) Pneumothorax
c) Pulmonary edema
d) Atelectasis
74. Which of the following statements about gas transport in the blood is true?
a) Oxygen is transported primarily in the form of bicarbonate ions.
b) Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the form of dissolved gas.
c) Hemoglobin can transport only carbon dioxide.
d) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in equal amounts.
75. Which of the following factors does NOT affect airway resistance?
a) Constriction of bronchioles
b) Dilation of bronchioles
c) Mucus production
d) Surfactant production
76. Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal cavity?
a) Filtration of air
b) Production of mucus
c) Gas exchange
d) Humidification of air
77. What is the term for the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration?
a) Tidal volume
b) Inspiratory reserve volume
c) Expiratory reserve volume
d) Residual volume
78. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a buildup of pus in the alveoli?
a) Empyema
b) Pleurisy
c) Atelectasis
d) Pneumothorax
79. Which of the following statements about the pleura is true?
a) The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs.
b) The parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest cavity.
c) Pleural fluid increases surface tension.
d) The pleura is composed of smooth muscle.
80. Which of the following factors increases airway resistance?
a) Dilation of bronchioles
b) Constriction of bronchioles
c) Decreased mucus production
d) Increased surfactant production
81. Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes and excessive mucus production?
a) Chronic bronchitis
b) Emphysema
c) Asthma
d) Tuberculosis
82. What is the term for the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases?
a) Partial pressure
b) Diffusion pressure
c) Atmospheric pressure
d) Hydrostatic pressure
83. Which of the following factors decreases the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs?
a) Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
b) Increased surface area of the alveoli
c) Increased partial pressure gradient of the gases
d) Decreased solubility of the gases
84. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory epithelium?
a) Gas exchange
b) Production of mucus
c) Protection against pathogens
d) Regulation of blood pressure
85. Which of the following conditions is characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity?
a) Pleurisy
b) Pneumothorax
c) Pulmonary edema
d) Atelectasis
86. Which of the following statements about gas transport in the blood is true?
a) Oxygen is transported primarily in the form of bicarbonate ions.
b) Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the form of dissolved gas.
c) Hemoglobin can transport only carbon dioxide.
d) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in equal amounts.
87. Which of the following factors does NOT affect airway resistance?
a) Constriction of bronchioles
b) Dilation of bronchioles
c) Mucus production
d) Surfactant production
88. Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal cavity?
a) Filtration of air
b) Production of mucus
c
) Gas exchange
d) Humidification of air
89. What is the term for the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration?
a) Tidal volume
b) Inspiratory reserve volume
c) Expiratory reserve volume
d) Residual volume
90. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a buildup of pus in the alveoli?
a) Empyema
b) Pleurisy
c) Atelectasis
d) Pneumothorax
91. Which of the following statements about the pleura is true?
a) The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs.
b) The parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest cavity.
c) Pleural fluid increases surface tension.
d) The pleura is composed of smooth muscle.
92. Which of the following factors increases airway resistance?
a) Dilation of bronchioles
b) Constriction of bronchioles
c) Decreased mucus production
d) Increased surfactant production
93. Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes and excessive mucus production?
a) Chronic bronchitis
b) Emphysema
c) Asthma
d) Tuberculosis
94. What is the term for the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases?
a) Partial pressure
b) Diffusion pressure
c) Atmospheric pressure
d) Hydrostatic pressure
95. Which of the following factors decreases the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs?
a) Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
b) Increased surface area of the alveoli
c) Increased partial pressure gradient of the gases
d) Decreased solubility of the gases
96. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory epithelium?
a) Gas exchange
b) Production of mucus
c) Protection against pathogens
d) Regulation of blood pressure
97. Which of the following conditions is characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity?
a) Pleurisy
b) Pneumothorax
c) Pulmonary edema
d) Atelectasis
98. Which of the following statements about gas transport in the blood is true?
a) Oxygen is transported primarily in the form of bicarbonate ions.
b) Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the form of dissolved gas.
c) Hemoglobin can transport only carbon dioxide.
d) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in equal amounts.
99. Which of the following factors does NOT affect airway resistance?
a) Constriction of bronchioles
b) Dilation of bronchioles
c) Mucus production
d) Surfactant production
100. Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal cavity?
a) Filtration of air
b) Production of mucus
c) Gas exchange
d) Humidification of air
ANSWER KEY
1. c) Digestion
Explanation: The respiratory system is not involved in digestion.
2. b) Alveoli
Explanation: The alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
3. a) Diaphragm
Explanation: The diaphragm contracts during inspiration to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity.
4. a) Oxygen
Explanation: Oxygen is primarily exchanged in the alveoli during respiration.
5. a) Oxygen
Explanation: Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds with oxygen for transport.
6. d) Temperature of the surrounding environment
Explanation: While temperature can affect the body’s overall metabolism, it doesn’t directly affect gas exchange in the lungs.
7. b) Oxygen
Explanation: Oxygen is the main component of inspired air.
8. a) Emphysema
Explanation: Emphysema is a condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, leading to decreased gas exchange.
9. b) Decreases surface tension
Explanation: Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse.
10. c) It increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Explanation: Expiration is primarily a passive process involving relaxation of the diaphragm and decrease in thoracic volume.
11. b) Hypertension
Explanation: Hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder, not a respiratory disorder.
12. a) Medulla oblongata
Explanation: The medulla oblongata in the brainstem regulates basic respiratory rhythm.
13. b) The left lung has three lobes, while the right lung has two lobes.
Explanation: This statement is incorrect; the right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes.
14. d) All of the above
Explanation: The nasal cavity performs all these functions.
15. b) Carbon dioxide
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration.
16. a) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Explanation: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing.
17. a) It closes off the trachea to prevent food from entering.
Explanation: The epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration of food or liquid into the airway.
18. a) Alveoli
Explanation: Alveoli are part of the respiratory zone, not the conducting zone.
19. c) Tidal volume
Explanation: Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing at rest.
20. d) Residual volume
Explanation: Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration and cannot be measured directly by spirometry.
21. a) Diaphragm
Explanation: The diaphragm is the primary muscle involved in respiration.
22. a) Airway inflammation
Explanation: Asthma is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
23. a) External respiration
Explanation: External respiration involves the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.
24. a) Chronic bronchitis
Explanation: Chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term exposure to tobacco smoke.
25. b) Internal respiration
Explanation: Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases between the blood and the body tissues.
26. c) Pleura
Explanation: The pleura is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity.
27. b) Increased temperature
Explanation: Increased temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen according to the Bohr effect.
28. a) Emphysema
Explanation: Emphysema is characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls.
29. b) It refers to the distribution of blood flow within the lungs.
Explanation: Ventilation-perfusion matching ensures that blood flow and air flow are matched to maximize gas exchange efficiency.
30. b) Trachea
Explanation: The trachea is part of the lower respiratory tract.
31. a) Vital capacity
Explanation: Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
32. d) Pulmonary fibrosis
Explanation: Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the lungs.
33. d) Heart rate
Explanation: Heart rate does not directly affect the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs.
34. d) All of the above
Explanation: Chronic bronchitis can cause coughing up blood, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
35. a) Decreased pH
Explanation: Decreased pH (acidosis) decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
36. b) The left lung is divided into two lobes, while the right lung is divided into three lobes.
Explanation: This statement is incorrect; it’s the other way around.
37. a) Pulmonary edema
Explanation: Pulmonary edema is characterized by fluid accumulation in the alveoli.
38. b) Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.
Explanation: Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli for exhalation.
39. d) Residual volume
Explanation: Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.
40. a) Vital capacity
Explanation: Vital capacity includes tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
41. a) Atelectasis
Explanation: Atelectasis is a collapse of part or all of a lung.
42. d) Regulation of blood pressure
Explanation: The respiratory epithelium is not directly involved in regulating blood pressure.
43. a) Constriction of bronchioles
Explanation: Constriction of bronchioles increases airway resistance.
44. b) Ventilation
Explanation: Ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
45. a) Pulmonary embolism
Explanation: Pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots in the pulmonary arteries.
46. a) The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs.
Explanation: The visceral pleura adheres to the surface of the lungs.
47. c) It describes the effect of carbon dioxide on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity.
Explanation: The Bohr effect describes how carbon dioxide affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
48. a) Larynx
Explanation: The larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract.
49. b) Inspiration
Explanation: Inspiration refers to the act of breathing in or inhaling.
50. b) Decreased surface area of the membrane
Explanation: Increased surface area facilitates gas diffusion.
51. d) Elevated oxygen levels in the blood
Explanation: COPD often leads to hypoxemia, or low oxygen levels in the blood.
52. a) Pneumonia
Explanation: Pneumonia is characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli.
53. d) Solubility of the gas
Explanation: Solubility affects how easily gases can diffuse across membranes.
54. d) Blood in sputum
Explanation:
Blood in sputum is not typically associated with emphysema.
55. b) Internal respiration
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is produced by cellular respiration and transported to the lungs for elimination.
56. c) Empyema
Explanation: Empyema is the accumulation of pus in a body cavity, such as the pleural space.
57. d) Decreased surfactant production
Explanation: Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, promoting lung expansion.
58. b) Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the form of bicarbonate ions.
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is transported in three forms: dissolved gas, bicarbonate ions, and bound to hemoglobin.
59. a) Asthma
Explanation: Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
60. c) Expiratory reserve volume
Explanation: Expiratory reserve volume is the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal expiration.
61. b) The left lung is divided into two lobes, while the right lung is divided into three lobes.
Explanation: This statement is incorrect; it’s the other way around.
62. d) Diffusion
Explanation: Diffusion is the movement of gases between the alveoli and the blood.
63. d) Blood pressure
Explanation: Blood pressure does not directly affect hemoglobin-oxygen affinity.
64. a) Regulation of blood pressure
Explanation: The respiratory system is not directly involved in regulating blood pressure.
65. d) Emphysema
Explanation: Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of air spaces.
66. c) Ventilation
Explanation: Ventilation is the process of bringing air into the lungs.
67. d) Blood pressure
Explanation: Blood pressure does not directly affect gas diffusion in the lungs.
68. d) The bronchi are surrounded by cartilage rings.
Explanation: The bronchi have cartilage rings to maintain their structure.
69. a) Chronic bronchitis
Explanation: Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes and excessive mucus production.
70. b) Partial pressure
Explanation: Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases.
71. a) Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
Explanation: Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane hinders gas diffusion.
72. d) Regulation of blood pressure
Explanation: The respiratory epithelium is not directly involved in regulating blood pressure.
73. c) Pulmonary edema
Explanation: Pulmonary edema is characterized by fluid accumulation in the lung tissue.
74. b) Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the form of dissolved gas.
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is transported primarily as bicarbonate ions and bound to hemoglobin.
75. d) Surfactant production
Explanation: Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, promoting lung expansion.
76. c) Gas exchange
Explanation: Gas exchange primarily occurs in the alveoli.
77. d) Residual volume
Explanation: Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.
78. a) Empyema
Explanation: Empyema is the accumulation of pus in a body cavity, such as the alveoli.
79. a) The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs.
Explanation: The visceral pleura adheres to the surface of the lungs.
80. b) Constriction of bronchioles
Explanation: Constriction of bronchioles increases airway resistance.
81. c) Asthma
Explanation: Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes and excessive mucus production.
82. a) Partial pressure
Explanation: Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases.
83. a) Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
Explanation: Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane hinders gas diffusion.
84. d) Regulation of blood pressure
Explanation: The respiratory epithelium is not directly involved in regulating blood pressure.
85. c) Pulmonary edema
Explanation: Pulmonary edema is characterized by fluid accumulation in the lung tissue.
86. b) Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the form of dissolved gas.
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is transported primarily as bicarbonate ions and bound to hemoglobin.
87. d) Surfactant production
Explanation: Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, promoting lung expansion.
88. c) Gas exchange
Explanation: Gas exchange primarily occurs in the alveoli.
89. d) Residual volume
Explanation: Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.
90. a) Empyema
Explanation: Empyema is the accumulation of pus in a body cavity, such as the alveoli.
91. a) The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs.
Explanation: The visceral pleura adheres to the surface of the lungs.
92. b) Constriction of bronchioles
Explanation: Constriction of bronchioles increases airway resistance.
93. c) Asthma
Explanation: Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes and excessive mucus production.
94. a) Partial pressure
Explanation: Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases.
95. a) Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
Explanation: Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane hinders gas diffusion.
96. d) Regulation of blood pressure
Explanation: The respiratory epithelium is not directly involved in regulating blood pressure.
97. c) Pulmonary edema
Explanation: Pulmonary edema is characterized by fluid accumulation in the lung tissue.
98. b) Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the form of dissolved gas.
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is transported primarily as bicarbonate ions and bound to hemoglobin.
99. d) Surfactant production
Explanation: Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, promoting lung expansion.
100. c) Gas exchange
Explanation: Gas exchange primarily occurs
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